From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith - Essay Example These elements impact the social macroevolution. Here the progressions are dictated by the natural variables and not by the social monetary and political ones. The significant impact of these full scale transformative variables has been brought to the spotlight by Jared Diamond. These elements assumed a crucial job at the beginning of history particularly when composing was first imagined. For instance the Inuit couldn't create cultivating yet individuals in the Middle East could do so in light of the fact that they were encircled by wild creatures/plants which could be tamed. Social microevolution then again produced a requirement for fluid fills for industrialized countries. Be that as it may, it was the large scale developmental components which formed the World War II, where Germany and Japan needed to utilize every one of their endeavors to get and protect their oil supplies since their own regions needed them. Early students of history didn't give a lot of significance to the transformative perspective on history. Be that as it may, seventeenth century onwards researchers like Voltaire, Comte and others imagined history as a developmental procedure that was moving towards an objective. Karl Marx was one of the pioneers of the principal extraordinary speculations of recorded development. Marx attempted to locate a transformative example of history dependent on logical examination. Aside from history specialists even... We are for the most part results of our social and organic foundations. It is because of this very explanation that the human instinct of residents living for long under vote based systems is unique in relation to those under tyrannies. Transformative hypothesis has changed over science into a sensible control. Transformative hypothesis, fundamentally its social perspectives can do likewise to sociologies. Albeit a few parts of such a hypothesis can be eclipsed by the tale of sociopolitical advancement from chasing and assembling through the foundation of states that can be assembled today. Transformative hypothesis in this manner can be framed without making suspicions about hereditary qualities. The adjustment in human instincts is basically a result of social and not natural development. Plant training for example horticulture has assumed an extremely vital job in mankind's history. It initially started in the Fertile Crescent which is currently a piece of Israel and Lebanon. Populace pressure, declining game supplies and expanded plant gathering are a portion of the reasons given for the sources of horticulture .It is accepted that the key explanation behind the spread of cultivating was because of the rambling times of shortage a disparity of everyone pressure hypothesis. This could clarify the quick spread of farming from the Fertile Crescent The subsequent theory is that agribusiness created because of the fast finish of the ice age. The farming unrest was joined by increasing birth rates. This in the long run prompted the interest of more food and in this manner prompted the weight of innovative change to make increasingly serious horticulture conceivable. Because of this escalation and division of work human culture experienced changes through towns, factions to at last current country states. Contrasts in the efficiency of the physical

The Trials of Becoming a Hero

The Trials of Becoming a Hero The Trials of Becoming a HeroHero love has existed in this world since the very beginning, from the Jews respecting Moses, to the Germans regarding Adolf Hitler. Turning into a legend is an exceptionally troublesome thing to achieve. One must be effective in picking up the respect of one's companions while simultaneously not creating to enormous of an inner self. Two instances of men attempting to become saints are Prince Henry and Dr. Faustus. Both, in their individual plays, have the abilities of turning into a saint, however just Prince Henry succeeds while Dr. Faustus fails.At the start of The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, Faustus is a notable specialist and is gazed upward to by his companions. Hal, then again, begins in Henry IV, Part I, investing quite a bit of his energy in a bar occupied with talk with burglars and criminals, consequently being looked downward on by the high society which he should live in.HalWhile apparently Faustus is by all accounts made a beeline for turning into a legend and Hal is by all accounts discarding his odds, the crowd can see from their speeches, that the two of them plan on changing their ways; Hal to improve things and Faustus for the worse.Faustus has ascended to an extraordinary point in his life. He was destined to 'guardians base of stock (line 11),' yet at the same time has figured out how to increase a degree from the University of Wittengberg, accordingly obtaining a lot of regard from the expert world. From the beginning however, Faustus has his brain set on different things, for example, enchantment and sorcery. Hal, then again was destined to a high society. Despite the fact that he does these naughty things, he anticipates apologizing and coming back to his father.The crowd can see from Hal's speech toward the finish of Act I, scene 2, that regardless of how rowdy the people are that he spends time with, they don't have an impact on him:Yet thus will I impersonate the sun,Who doth grant the base infectiou s cloudsTo cover up his magnificence from the world,That, when he please again to be himself,Being needed, he might be more pondered atBy getting through the foul and appalling mistsOf fumes that seemed to choke him. (line 152-158)From the beginning, Hal illuminates the peruser that he is just get to know these uncontrollable people to have a great time, yet when the opportunity arrives, he will assume the genuine job of being a prince.In resistance to this, the main thing that impacts Faustus is detestable. At the point when he calls upon his companions Valdes and Cornelius to show him enchantment, he does this just to attract himself closer to evil:Philosophy is loathsome and obscure,Both law and physic are for unimportant wits;Divinity is basest of the three,Unpleasant, cruel, vile and vile.'Tis enchantment, enchantment that hath violated me. (line 106-109)The peruser can see from here how captivated Faustus is with magic.From the enchantment that Faustus performs, he comes to of fer his spirit to Lucifer. In spite of the fact that Faustus brings this all upon himself, he isn't destined for an eternity of heck, yet gets the opportunity to apologize. Four distinct occasions, his still, small voice, in the structure a decent holy messenger and an awful heavenly attendant, battle about his spirit. In spite of the fact that Faustus has numerous contemplations not to proceed with his arrangement with the fiend, the crowd can without much of a stretch see that in the rear of his brain, that Faustus realizes that he will proceed with it:EVIL ANGEL. Ay, yet Faustus never will atone (Line 194).'Once Faustus signs the agreement with the demon, he doesn't once consider turning around towards God.Hal then again, doesn't anticipate remaining on his degenerate way. He understands toward the start of the play that he will in the end need to assume the duties of a sovereign, yet until further notice, when there are no commitments to take on, he will appreciate himself.When Hal is censured by his dad, King Henry IV, he takes this risk to alter his way of life and gets absolution from his dad. In this scene, Prince Henry is making that stride towards turning into that saint which he is fit for becoming.Faustus however, doesn't hop on his chance. Toward an amazing finish, his still, small voice appears to him, this time as an elderly person who begs Faustus to leave his cursed course and repent:Ah Doctor Faustus, that I may prevailTo control thy steps unto the method of life,By which sweet way however may'st achieve the goalThat will direct thee to heavenly rest. (line 26-29)Mephastophilis, notwithstanding, shows up and presents Faustus with a blade and compromises: ''Faustus, come thine hour is come!' (line 41).' Faustus approaches Mephastophilis for absolution and offers to reaffirm his promise with Lucifer. This is Faustus' last opportunity to turn into a saint, however he neglects it through his fingers.One may believe that Dr. Faustus really does at one, and that he becomes the legend he has the right to be. In his last words he decries Mephastophilis and wishes he had only somewhat more time so he could 'apologize and spare his spirit (line 64).' However, when one digs further into the existence that Faustus lived, clearly he didn't atone. During his twenty four years of 'ampleness', not once does Faustus' still, small voice cause him to consider atoning. Just toward the start of the play, before he starts to be served by Mephastophilis, and toward a mind-blowing finish, when he understands that he is doomed and that he has no chance to apologize, does he at any point engage offering reparations. Subsequently, Dr. Faustus can never be viewed as a hero.However, dissimilar to Dr. Faustus, Prince Henry accomplishes the accomplishment of turning into a saint. While toward the start of the play, apparently Hal doesn't generally mind what befalls himself or his dad's realm, all through the play, he gradually takes on his job of rule r. He completes his predetermination of turning into a legend with his destruction of the warring Percys.A saint is characterized as 'b. a man of boldness and honorability celebrated for his military accomplishments c. a man respected for his accomplishments and honorable characteristics and thought about a model or perfect (Webster's word reference).' Prince Henry epitomizes both of these definitions. After he crushes his adversary, Hotspur, clearly the individuals of England changed their perspective on him and started admiring him. Presently with this recently discovered deference, Prince Henry has picked up the title of 'legend.' Dr. Faustus then again, never arrives at this point in his life. Various occasions, he can apologize and pivot his life, yet his longing for insidious wins. The two characters had the correct characteristics to turn into a legend, yet just Prince Henry exploited them. As the crowd can see, the main thing that issues is the thing that somebody sees of th emselves. Regardless of how much impact society has on somebody, on the off chance that they have it in them to succeed, they will. Subsequently, anybody can win in turning into a saint.

The Struggles Between Id and Superego free essay sample

The battles among Id and Superego in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† According to Sigmund Freud, there are three mental powers applying impact over the human brain. These are comprised with the id, the super-inner self and the sense of self. The id is the piece of the oblivious psyche where people’s fundamental needs about delight or unreasonable wishing and the super-self image is the piece of the brain that structures moral measures. The conscience makes parity of the id and the super-personality. In Hawthorne’s story ‘Young Goodman Brown’, the Brown’s venture through the backwoods is viewed as the battles between Brown’s id and super-inner self. Toward the start of the story, Browns initial phase in the backwoods considers as a triumph to the id over the super-inner self when Brown answered to his better half, Faith, who forestalls the excursion. Goodman Brown said â€Å"of the entire evenings in the year, this one night must I hesitate away from thee. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Struggles Between Id and Superego or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"What, my sweet, pretty spouse, dost thou question me as of now, and we however three months wedded! † When Brown reacted apprehensively, his super-self image shows that his nervousness and blameworthy about mysterious excursion to the backwoods. Nonetheless, he has just chosen to leave his better half to go to the woodland around evening time, since his id needs to satisfy his craving, starting the excursion, and convinced his significant other and furthermore himself as his notice that this excursion is just a single night of the entire evenings in the year. Brown’s id basically prevails upon again a fight super-inner self when he leaves his better half, Faith, with his irrefutable confidence in God. In the wake of leaving, Brown said â€Å"What a rapscallion am I’ †¦ ‘But, no, no! ‘twould execute her to think it’ †¦ ‘Ill stick to her skirts and follow her to Heaven’†¦ elt himself supported in making more scurry on his current insidiousness reason. † When he referenced if his Faith knew the reason for the excursion, she would kick the bucket by stun. It shows that he had definitely known the motivation behind the excursion is detestable. Thus, his super-sel f image causes him to feel blameworthy and notice himself as a lowlife. Nonetheless, paying little heed to the super-ego’s exertion, his id drives him to come his arrangement to meet with the fiend and causes him to legitimize himself as his settling that he’ll follow Faith to Heaven after simply this excursion. Browns meeting with the elderly person who is simply the fallen angel shows Browns disarray between his id and super-inner self. Goodman shouted â€Å"Too far, excessively far! † unwittingly continuing his walk. â€Å"My father never went into the forested areas on such a task, nor his dad before him. † His super-sense of self makes him cry that he made significant progress from his Faith which implies his better half and furthermore his own confidence and causes him to get back home in which his Faith holding up him. Likewise he notice about that his ancestors wear not associated with the fallen angel. It shows that his super-self image reveal to him that his nature isn't malevolent, so makes him think to return. In any case, his id drives his stroll to continue unknowingly. The id makes his body to move into the woods whatever he pondered. Earthy colored additionally gives indications of his battling between the super-sense of self and the id when he discovered that his drill educator, Goody Cloyse, was a witch who is exceptionally associated with the fiend. Earthy colored determinedly said â€Å"Friend, my brain is made up. Not another progression will I move on this errand’. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ‘Is that any motivation behind why I ought to stop my dear Faith, and pursue her. He chose to quit coming his arrangement, since he understood that his shortcomings, getting in to the backwoods to meet the Devil, are equivalent to the old woman’s. Along these lines, his super-self image causes him to feel liable about that and apprehensive on the off chance that he could l ose his confidence. It drives him to need to avoid the Devil. In any case, his id makes him need to perceive what drives every one of them to follow the Devil. Since, he have just had close psyche to the Devil unknowingly when he called the Devil â€Å"friend. † It shows what he referenced that he need to quit proceeding with his arrangement any longer was not from his genuine psyche.

The Doctrine of Successor Liability and the Drift Towards the Assumption of Liability - Free Essay Example

Doctrine of Successor Liability: Tracing the drift from the `Traditional non-liability rule to `assumption of liability through judicial precedents AbstractTraditional corporate law has been applied over the years to deal with the liabilities arisen after one companys acquires another company The general rule says that an acquiring corporation doesnt assume any liabilities of the predecessor corporation. The courts over the years have evolved this traditional stance and laid down exceptions, making the successor corporations assume such liabilities. This paper has tried to trace and outline the diversion from the traditional rule of non-liability to the assumption of liabilities by the successor corporations. There are four exceptions to this general non-liability rule which shall be explained in detail with progressing contentions in the research paper. The non liability principle creates hurdles in seeking remedy for the injured. The claimant might lose any right to damages if he fails to recover from the successor corporation. The liability can even be fixed in environmental issues, where companies will be fixed with `superfund liability and made to cleanup the environment. This principle of fixing liability on the successor corporation in various areas is known as `Doctrine of Successor Liability. This doctrine attempts to bridge the gap between general rule of no-liability and tortious liability. However, the doctrine also safeguards the interest of the successor corporation from assuming any liability for tort committed by the predecessor. This paper evaluates this doctrine through numerous case laws of multiple jurisdictions, with an insight from different governing statutes as well. IntroductionDoctrine of successor liability is a relatively new and evolving field of Jurisprudence. Legal systems around the world largely rely on common law in the area of application this doctrine. A `successor is defined as 1. A person who succee ds to the office, rights, responsibilities, or place of another; who replaces or follows a predecessor.2. A corporation that, through amalgamation, consolidation, or other assumption of interests, is vested the rights and duties of an earlier corporation.The Restatement of Tort (3rd.) (2000) Chapter 3 outlines the Libaility of Successor Manufacturers Whether a successor can be liable for defective product sold the predecessor is decided generally by traditional corporate law emphasizes on the type of corporate acquisition between the two corporations. A cash purchase of the predecessors assets, instead of a merger or a stock purchase will attract traditional corporate laws, which holds that the successor will not be liable.There are three ways through which a transfer can be done: (a) by statutory merger or consolidation; (b) through the purchase of the stock of a target corporation; and (c) through the purchase of assets of the target corporation. The traditionally, law of c orporations governing the liability of a successor corporation is affirmed in many cases. Ifone corporation sells its assets to another corporation,then the later isnt tortiously liable for the formers conduct. This principle is contended by many courts. Its purpose is to prevent the successor corporations of any liability that arises. It can be traced to the notion that the law does not force the purchaser to assume such liability. American jurisdictions also weave around the general notion that a successorcorporation, which acquires the assets of another company,wont be legally responsible for the actions of its predecessor. Successor liability rule in New York holds that a purchaser is not liable for its sellers liabilities except where there is an express agreement between them governing otherwise. The New York Supreme Court also affirmed the already existing general rule. The logic seems equally applicable as the general rule regarding successor liability is well settled that a corporation does not assume its predecessors liabilities automatically.ExceptionsThere are four recognized exceptions to the general rule. First is applicable where the buyer agrees to assume, expressly or implicitly, the debts and liabilities. The second applies to the transaction where there isconsolidation or merger of the seller and purchaser. Thethird exception is attracted when the successor corporation is merely a continuation of the predecessor corporation. The fourth exception applies to a colorable transaction which is entered in order to defraud the creditors or the shareholders of the seller corporation. The courts over the years have developed thesefour exceptions to the general rule of non-liability forassetpurchasers. Theseexceptions are made with a purpose to ensure that corporations dont evade their liabilities through the use of transactional technicalities.Under the traditional approach, asset purchasers will be considered corporate successors if on e of the following applies: Assumption- The purchaser expressly or impliedly agrees to assume the liabilities of the seller. The court has noted that an asset sale agreement amounts to a simple transfer, which establishes that the successor didnt attain any liabilities because the identity of the predecessor was not used, nor was any of supervisors hired by the successor. The Court thus held that the buyer did not assume any liabilities of the predecessor, neither expressly nor impliedly. Under the asset purchase agreement, the purchaser did not assume any of the liabilities of the seller, because of a similar reason. In addition, Minnesota Business Corporations Act mandates the presence of a provision in a contract or an agreement to hold the transferee liable. Now in case a situation arises where the language of such a provision in the agreement or a contract is found to be unclear or ambiguous, the courts assume that there is an implied liability on the buyer the for defect ive products, if any. Thus to avoid such discrepancies involving assumption of liabilities, it is best if such an agreement unequivocally states that there is no assumption of future products liability.De Facto Merger- The transaction amounts toa de factomerger or consolidation if the corporation assumes the liability of its predecessor. The important concept in this exception is not the continuation of the business operation but the continuation of the corporate entity. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department, in Van Nocker v. A.W. Chesteron, Co discussed the second successor liability exception. The court notes that asset purchases can be said to be a de-facto mergers if it includes the following four factors:(i) continuation of ownership arising from the use of the successors stock as payment rather than the use of cash(ii) after the transaction the predecessor dissolves as soon as possible,(iii) the buyer assumes liabilities necessary to continue the business of the seller and;(iv) the buyer continues the using predecessors enterprise.The Court in Van Nocker v. A.W. Chesteron, Co. further explained that all of these factors may not be necessarily needed to prove a de-facto merger but presence of the first two is required. It also said that continuity of ownership exists ifthe shareholders of the predecessor corporation become direct or indirect shareholders of thebuyer. Continuity of ownership is a situation where the parties to the transaction become owners together of what formerly belonged to each.b The Van Nocker Court, failing to find either of the first two elements refused to evaluate the other factors. The Fourth Department of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, while determining whether a transaction satisfied the prerequisites of a de-facto merger, held that [w]hile factors such as shareholder and management continuity will be evidence that a de facto merger has occurred, those factors aloneshall not be determinative. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York examined the continuity of ownership element of de facto merger stated, [T]he de-facto merger doctrine creates successor liability when the transaction between the purchasing and selling companies is in substance, if not in form, a merger. The court further stated that the factors should be considered in a flexible manner and question the crux that whether it was the intent of the successor to absorb and continue the operation of the predecessor. It maintained `continuity of ownership as one of the pivotal requirements for a de facto merger. About the fourth factor the court stated that sheer hiring of employees of the seller was insufficient to conclude that there was continuity of management. In Kretzmer v. Firesafe Prods. Corp. the attorney had switched employers and brought along a secretary, an associate, and some cases, the Court held that such an instance didnt amount to a merger or c onsolidation and thus there wasnt a de facto merger. Hence, while dealing with the de facto merger exception, continuity of enterprise or ownership is considered prior to the tree other factors. Mere Continuation: If the corporation has the same shareholders, directors and officers, it will be eligible for this exception. In the Seventh Jud. Dist. the Court said that mere continuation is a type of restructure in which one entity gets dissolved and another survives. The dissolution should take place as soon as possible, but in this case the seller was not dissolved for more than a year, so the Court held it to be out of the ambit of mere continuation exception. In other jurisdictions this exception requires continuity of owners and/or directors. This exception is problematic of application because it has never been quite clear just in what sense a corporation must continue in order to trigger the exception.4. Fraudulent- The transaction was fraudulently entered into to escape liability. The New York courts have laid their emphasis on many fraudulent transactions but have not provided any exceptions for the same. If the creditors of the seller are being defrauded by the transaction, then also it will fall under this exception, Few of the instance can be; if the predecessor corporation holds the possession of the property but doesnt actually own it, making its creditors believe that it still owns the property, if the proceeds of the sale are sent away, and if the property is sold for an insufficient amount to an acquaintance. The malafied intention to defraud has to be proven including those jurisdictions that have adopted the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act.While as other jurisdictions presume such an intention. In situations like these, both the seller as well as the buyer can be held liable.The Continuity of Enterprise Exception.In 1983 Salvativ. Blaw-Knox Food Chemical Equipment, Inc., NewYorks Court of Appeals recognized Continuity of Enterp rise exception, it defined it as a part of corporate reorganization, The Supreme Court of Queens County later explained that the this theory was originally introduced by the Supreme Court of Michigan in Turner v. Bituminous Cas. Co. Salvati noted the Michigan Courts rationale, that it to be unjust to allow the successor to avoid liability Salvati set forth the Michigan courts three criteria test, such continuity would be there if: there wasa continuation of the enterprise of the seller;the predecessor dissolved promptly after the transaction, and the buyer assumed liabilities and obligations of the seller. Salvati accepted the logic put forward in the case of Turner. So the tests laid down by Turner and later reiterated in Salvati are similar to the factors laid down in Van Nocker. The Michigan Supreme Court extended the de facto merger doctrine by eliminating the continuity of shareholder requirement and applying that exception to cash transactions. Product Line Exception.In 1977, the California Supreme Court created the product line exception. The Court said: We therefore, conclude that a party which acquires a manufacturing business and continues the output of its line of products under the circumstances here presented assumes strict tort liability for defects in units of the same product line previously manufactured and distributed by the entity from which the business was acquired. Anything to the contrary in Ortiz v. South Bend Lathe, supra, 46 Cal.App.3d 842, or Schwartz v. McGraw-Edison Co., supra, 14 Cal.App.3d 767 (see fn. 6, ante) is disapproved Different jurisdictions have different stands on the product liability exception. In Hickman v. Thomas C. Thompson both the buyer and the seller corporations were of Illinois, the buyer had bought the assets of the seller corporation. Later a resident of Colorado was injured by a product manufactured by this Illinois corporation. There was an arms length agreement, for the purchase of assets, si gned and executed in Illinois. In Illinois the product line exception doesnt hold good. The district court opined that: 1) successor liability is a tort claim, and not a contract claim; 2) As the injury occurred in Colorado so the Colorado law applies; and 3) The Product line exception would be accepted by the Courts. Hickman courts view was dissented in the Tenth Circuit in Florom v. Elliott Mfg., and held that Colorado would reject the product line exception. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act and Successor LiabilityCERCLASuccessor corporations are liable the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Thesubstantial continuity test under CERCLA is a continuation successor liability under any other asset purchase. The same general rule of non-liability and the exceptions to it are also applicable in case of successor liability under CERCLA. Many courts have included corporate successors liability while int erpreting the act. In United States v Bestfoods, the Supreme Court did not make this aspect of superfund liability redundant and kept the substantial continuity test alive in CERLA as well. The Court has laid down CERCLAs purpose as: CERCLAs primary purpose is remedial: to clean up hazardous waste sites. . . . Because it is remedial statute, CERCLA must be construed liberally to effectuate its two primary goals: (1) enabling the EPA to respond efficiently expeditiously to toxic spills, and (2) holding those parties responsible for the release liable for the costs of the cleanup. In that way, envisioned the EPAs costs would be recouped, the Superfund preserved, and the taxpayers not required to shoulder the financial burden of nationwide cleanup. There are various factors which the courts apply while deciding whether a successor corporation should assume any liability Courts applying the substantial continuity test consider a range of factors to determine whether the buyer ha s substantially continued the predecessors enterprise these include; if any successor corporation continues retaining the following:same employees;same supervisors;same name;same production or service line;same production facilities;continuation of same assets;general business; andwhether the buyer continues the predecessors enterprise. It isnt necessary that a corporation should fulfill all these criteria for it to assume liability of the predecessor. In New York v. Westwood-Squibb Pharm Co. the court held liable the asset purchaser corporation when it satisfied six of the eight factors. CERCLAs purposes and principles of corporate successor liability are both in harmony with the substantial continuity test. However, there are discrepancies that may arise; e.g., sec. 113(f of CERLAprovides PRPs with a statutory right of contribution. 42 U.S.C. 9613(f)(1). Sec.113(f)(2) says that if PRPs enter into settlements with the federal government, it resolves its liability.ConclusionT he general rule of non-liability says that a successor corporation will not assume the liabilities of the predecessor corporation for defective products sold by the predecessor. But the courts over the years have developed principles holding the successor liable. The rift between the liability law and general non-liability corporate law has led to the evolution of such rules by the courts. Mere continuation, de facto merger and the product line doctrines broaden and specify the areas for fixing of liability. These rules have also firmed protection against colourable intent of corporations to avoid liability.

Fossil Fuels Are Not Dead Dinosaur Remains - 2021 Words

Contradictory to what many people believe, fossil fuels are not dead dinosaur remains. â€Å"In fact, most of the fossil fuels we find today were formed millions of years before the first dinosaurs† (â€Å"Fossil Energy: How Fossil Fuels Were Formed,† n.d.). They were formed from prehistoric plants and animals that lived many millions of years ago and are considered non-renewable because they are not sustainable and cannot be easily replaced due to their formation taking billions of years. â€Å"When these ancient living things died, they decomposed and became buried under layers and layers of mud, rock, and sand. Eventually, hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet of earth covered them† (â€Å"Fossil Energy: How Fossil Fuels Were Formed,† n.d.). In some†¦show more content†¦The oil is extracted by simply being forced through a rock, which the droplets can actually do on their own, as they are pushed by large amounts of pressure that exist beneat h the surface. This pressure comes from a build-up of rock lying on the oil and from heat from the earth that builds up in a reservoir and expands any gases from the inside of the rock. When an oil well strikes a reservoir, the pressure is released and forces the oil through the rock and up to the surface. The oil may squeeze into any fractures in the reservoir, and if these fractures run in the direction of an oil well, they can act as pipelines in which the oil will flow. After scientists have tested the oil and the rocks, oil companies will begin drilling in the wells and rock samples will be brought to the surface. After the scientists have studied the rock samples from above ground and are convinced that they have found the right type of rock, companies begin drilling production wells. â€Å"When the wells first hit the reservoir, some of the oil begins coming to the surface immediately† (â€Å"Fossil Energy: How Fossil Fuels Were Formed,† n.d.). However, with today’s technology, oil companies are able to install special equipment to help the oil from spurting hundreds and hundreds of feet from the ground. When a new oil field begins its production process, nature takes its course and does most of the work. The natural pressures from the reservoir force the oil into productionShow MoreRelatedFossil Fuels Are Not Dead Dinosaur Remains1921 Words   |  8 PagesMadison Flanagan â€Æ' Contradictory to what many people believe, fossil fuels are not dead dinosaur remains. â€Å"In fact, most of the fossil fuels we find today were formed millions of years before the first dinosaurs† (â€Å"Fossil Energy: How Fossil Fuels Were Formed,† n.d.). They were formed from prehistoric plants and animals that lived many millions of years ago and are considered non-renewable because they are not sustainable and cannot be easily replaced due to their formation taking billions of yearsRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effects On Our World1573 Words   |  7 PagesFossil fuels have been a big discussion in today’s world due to the pollution they have been causing on the earth. Fossil fuels have been creating energy for the world for so many years. Fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coals used every day by almost every American. We use it to travel, to keep us warm, to cook our food, and many other everyday activities, but we don’t know the harm it is d oing to the world. Thanks to Media today we are starting to realize the damage fossil fuel is causingRead MoreChemical Reaction On Energy And Carbon1555 Words   |  7 Pagesrequire the oxygen released by plants. 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In common dialogue, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived from animal or plant sources. These are sometimes known instead as mineral fuels. The utilization of fossil fuels has enabled large-scale industrial development and largely supplanted water-drivenRead MoreWhat Are Fossil Fuels?1387 Words   |  6 PagesStarting small I wanted to explain what fossil fuels are exactly. Also how they are non- renewable, meaning that they indeed will run out one day, and there is no way how to replenish the supply after it is gone. Fossil fuels are natural fuels such as coal or gas, these fuels formed in the geological past from the remains of microscopic plants and ancient animals like dinosaurs that lived and died millions of years ago. The plants and animals or (diatoms) absorbed energy that came from the biggestR ead MoreThe United States Energy Information Administration2302 Words   |  10 Pagespercent of the United State’s energy demand is met by using fossil fuels (Fossil Fuels), and in 2012, fossil fuels made up eighty-seven percent of the energy consumed worldwide (Gonzalez Lucky, 2013). What are fossil fuels then? There is a common misconception that fossil fuels come from dead dinosaurs, and while this is not actually true, fossil fuels do come from dead plans and animals, however they were dead long before the dinosaurs roamed the earth (U.S. Department of Energy). The type of animalRead MoreFossil Fuels : The World s Primary Energy Resources1736 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Fossil Fuels such us oil, coal, and natural gas are currently the world’s primary energy resources because they originate from living things. 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The type of animalRead MoreHow Did Fossil Fuels Get Here?1813 Words   |  8 PagesHow Did Fossil Fuels Get Here? Most people have a theory that the fossil fuels we have today are from the remains of dead dinosaurs. Which is in fact not true, but what is true is that these fossil fuels were at one time alive. They formed when prehistoric animals and plants died and were covered by rock and other plant growth (energy.gov 2014). Organic matter, along with varying temperatures and pressure worked together to produce the fossil fuels. Different types of fossil fuels were developed

I ve Learned About My Life - 1358 Words

â€Å"I ve learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel,† is a famous quote said by Maya Angelou. This quote has resonated in my mind because it has such validity. When I was seven, I went to the emergency room and had to have my appendix removed. I was in excruciating pain and had tears streaming down my face. A nurse came and talked to me. She cooed, â€Å"Can you raise up your pinky up to me?† She explained that the doctors will take out this pinky-shaped thing out of my body. I stared at my pinky in disbelief; the pain temporarily seized due to the fascination and the way the nurse made me feel. I ended staying in the hospital for two weeks and I had mixed†¦show more content†¦Nurses are people who palliate pain; they are the middle of the wheel that keeps the wheel going. Since nurses are always there with the patient, doctors often rely on the nurses’ chart and a sk them what the best is for their patients. I volunteer at a hospital and often the nurse suggests that a patient should stay a day or two longer than what the doctor anticipated because nurses listen to their patients’ needs physically and emotionally. I like how busy the hospital gets, and there is never a dull moment. There are always patients needing assistance and getting discharged; there is always something to do. Depending on the place; nurses’ shifts can vary from 8 or 12 hour shifts, or from being on call (Philistin). At times nurses are saving the patients’ lives. That is addicting and exhilarating. I like how hospitals are dedicated to the community and they swallow you whole. You end up being a huge medical family: doctors, physical therapists, nurses, patient care technicians, etc. Nurses require critical thinking skills, organization is something they must be good at because they have to chart, have compassion and be sensitive under the right circumstances (Jewell). Physical stamina is another trait that is used because nurses move patients to clean wounds

Business Culture of Singapore & Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Culture of Singapore and Australia. Answer: Rational for country choice This report focuses on the cultural factors of the country Australia. The country has the combination of various cultures which attract foreign companies for the business expansion. Due to innovative business culture, organizations are trying to enter in the country. Country has fair and direct way of communication process. In the direct culture of country, people express themselves freely and speak clearly in the discussions. Along with this, the business and work environment of the country is mostly laid-back and there are good manager-staff relationship in the organizations. Along with this, the work environment and business culture of the country is the consensus oriented. So, this is the reason to select Australia for the study. This country is famous as the wine and seafood country across the world. One of the main attractions of the country is festivals and events that attract tourists from many different countries. Famous as the wine country in the world, the country produces world-class wine in more than 10 different varieties for the tourists (Yildiz, 2014). This region is turning as one of the fastest growing tourist destination because of expenditure done by visitors in last decades. Australia is the country which has fair and direct way of communication. This report focuses on the cultural aspect of the host country which is Australia and Singapore is considered as the home country in this report. There is differentiation between the business culture of Singapore and Australia which is described in report. Along with this, the report also focuses on the Hofstede model of culture to analyze the cultural satiation if Australia fir business operations. The cultural analysis of the country includes communication practices, political and ecological situation of country, local culture and management style of the country. Cultural analysis of Australia Multicultural country There are people in Australia who come from the various backgrounds. Many people in the country have Irish and British backgrounds. At the time of Second World War, many people came from various European countries and different parts of the world. In current time, one third of Australians were born in another country. This country is popular choice for tourists due the hotels, transport, culture, nightlife, food, events and festivals. The country is the most important tourism destination among the tourists. So, Australia is the country of multi culture. Immigration has helped the country to become a dynamic country. Political, social and economical situation Australia has federal constitutional parliamentary democracy so Australians elect parliamentarians for the federal parliament. They have voting rights and it is important for people to give vote. Once people reach 18 years of age, they are obliged to vote. The political situation of the country allows people to live with the freedom. Looking at the social and economic aspects of the country, people have their own personal welfare. For instance, local crime and public safety, food and health, rights to basic services, equality of opportunities as well as civil and personal liberties are the rights for Australians. Local culture The culture of Australia is western culture which is basically derived from Britain but it is influenced by the unique geography of Australian continent. The oldest surviving cultures of the country are Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people of Australia. The people in the country are basically open, laid back and direct. They generally say what they mean and are more individual and outgoing as compared to other culture. It is observed that more than three quarters of people in the country are living in cities and urban centers along the coast. Communication Communication is the important topic in the business world. In Australia, there are some aspects of communication which must be taken into consideration. It is observed that the Australians value directness over negotiation. While communicating in the country, Australians are not self promotional and in the business life, they show dedication and credibility. This is the normal part of their culture. The country has fair and direct way of communication. In the direct culture of Australia, people say clearly and briefly without adding lots of context. Along with this, they use some non-verbal communication styles so that the spoken message should be delivered with all the relevant information. When a person in Australia gives a message, he expects from the other person to understand the message completely. This reflects the effective business communication styles in Australia. Management style There is the casual atmosphere in Australia which is very important for the business. The Australian business culture is very much included with the opinion of the individuals. So, the culture has consultative style of management which includes open debate. Quite the different, it shows the professionalism and dedication of the Australians. Managers in country do not isolate themselves from other members in the business. Business culture of Australia Australia is the second most individualistic culture in the world after U.S. In the country, business culture is more relationship oriented. It is focused on establishing trust, relying and supporting on the important elements of the business. The work environment and business culture of the country is the consensus oriented. There are consensus oriented style rather than highly directive leadership styles. Senior managers generally consult with the subordinates while making the decisions in the business. In terms of doing business, Australians do not focus on having long-terms relationships with the people (Vidal-Suarez Lopez-Duarte, 2013). Openness There is the openness in the business culture of Australia. People are open and free to put their ideas and viewpoints for the business operations. There is the highly valued culture in Australia. People have traits of the openness and direct manners in which their daily lives are connected. Australians are educated and straight forward in their communications. They have string and confrontational opinions for others. They always value for the directness and respect those people who express their own beliefs and views. In the business context, Australians have new ideas and they are motivated to live discussion and debate (Singh, Joshi Mandhan, 2014). Individualism This is the unique character of the Australians and this is the way adopted by them to interact with other people in the society. Along with this, there is one more characteristics of individualism which must take into consideration that it focuses on the personal privacy of differentiate people from the public and focuses on the private life of people. Equality The Australian culture has the characteristics of quality. The country has the culture of equality where the differences in the status do not matter in the business. This culture in the society avoids the differentiation the people having high income and status. Thus culture includes mutual respect for each other. There is equality in the Australian society focuses on all the aspects of Australian life and business sphere. The Australians avoid academic qualifications, business success and personal achievements since this may perceived as arrange (Akanni, Ahammad, 2015). Difference with Singapore The culture of Singapore focuses on the long term working relations. It is observed that as compared to Australians, the managers of Singapore are more committed towards the long term relationship in business. In terms of cultural differences between Singapore and Australia, people in Singapore are candid, direct, and state to their points with the confrontational way. The approach of Singapore culture is pragmatic along with the ability to discuss any point. Along with this, there is the large difference in the business culture of Australia and Singapore in terms of the working hours. The working hours in Singapore are longer and more intense as compared to Australia. That can be a big cultural difference in the work culture of Australia and Singapore. In the Singapore, values are less among the people and they are focused on the business. On the other hand, Australians have high moral and values. Further, Singapore is more regulated and centrally controlled as compared to Australia . In day to day matters, things happen fast in Australia as compared to the Singapore. There are some differences between Singapore and Australia in terms of business culture. Because of the plenty of natural resources, the economy of Australia has competitive advantage in producing various products like dairy, meat and wine. Along with this, there are key exporters of minerals and coal, travel and logistics etc for the economic growth. On the other hand, Singapore is the small land area and there is the lack of resources but country has driven itself to innovations. In terms of business languages, Australia has no official language and English is spoken by most of the people in which 2.1 million people speak Asian language and 1.3 million speak European language. In Singapore, English is the business language and also used by people there. Most of the Singaporeans have received formal education. Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstedes dimension of culture for the organizational research was carried out by the Greet Hofstede. This dimension can be used by various foreign companies while going to expand the business in the Australian market. There are five key dimensions by which the organization can analyze the culture of Australia. Power distance This dimension focuses on the extent by which employees have low power in the company and organization feel that the distribution of the power is not equal. The unequal distribution of power should be noticed by the organizations in the Australian business culture. The culture of Australia has high level score in the power distance index as the managers have equal rights and powers. This is an appropriate culture for the companies to operate the business. Individualism This dimension focuses on how people are converted in to various groups. If the individualism side is focused by the company then it means that people have to take care of themselves and their family also. There are no strong relations between individuals. If the organizations focus on the side of collectivism then it means groups are formed since their births and they have strong connections. In Australia, the culture is more individualism as compared to the collectivism. They combine the needs of individuals to the welfare of society. The problems of industry are handled by Australia by adopting the approach of individualism which is effective for the organizations for the successful business operations (Alkailani, Azzam Athamneh, 2012). Masculinity It focuses on the distribution of the work among the genders of the society. This can be the issue of the society related to the rights of women. This can be the issue for the companies to manage the business in the Australian market. The culture of the company depends upon the culture of the country. In the Australian context, women are free to select their career options. They are equally contributing in the business as men are doing. There is the culture of openness which would be beneficial for the organizations that are going to enter in the Australian business culture. The culture of Australia has high score in the dimension of masculinity (Tang, 2012). Uncertainty avoidance index This dimension focuses on the degree of culture of the specific country to make the member either feel relaxed or uncomfortable in the situations. There are two ways to avoid uncertainty of culture i.e. avoid culture or accept uncertainty in the culture. By imposing some strict laws and regulations, the uncertainty in the Australian culture can be avoided (Hofstede, 2011). Long term orientation This is the dimension which is focusing on the taking some interviews of some of the Australian scholars. It is said that the western culture is short term oriented which means people have values some traditions to complete all their social obligations. The culture in Australia is long term oriented which is carefulness. The people in Australia use their capability to accomplish their work and objectives in the business culture. People are using western culture to enhance their capability to get success in the business culture (Parente, Baack, Hahn, 2011). Strategies by foreign companies Based on the above discussed model, it is observed that the culture of Australia is open, aggressive and full of value along with the other aspects like working relationships and cooperation. There is the combination of various cultures which attract the organizations to operate the business significantly. Australia has high level of power-distance factor which is the key cultural trait of the country. This factor reveals that there are strong relationships between managers and employees in the organizations operating in the country. To stay effective in the Australian market, foreign companies need to have strategic business plans based on the practical experiences, understanding and insights. Further, to balance the risk, compliance outcomes and taxation, they should have effective business structures. Companies should have existing companies in the Australian market for the easier entry in the market. This cultural aspect of Australia makes the effective market for the organizations to operate the business. Culture of the country focuses on the power and prestige based on the western European culture. People on the high authority try to do their best and impact the subordinates so companies must set some directions for the effective business operations. Australians are hard working and dedicated people so, companies can focus on hiring of the employees so that limited resources can be used effectively (Kragh, 2012). Conclusion Based on the above analysis, it is observed that Australia is the suitable country for the business expansion. In terms of cultural differences between Singapore and Australia, people in Singapore are candid, direct, and state to their points with the confrontational way. Communication is the important topic in the business world. In Australia, there are some aspects of communication which must be taken into consideration. It is observed that people in the country like to do direct communication rather than negotiations. Having a varied workforce is increasingly being recognized within the organization as helpful in improving the performance of the organization, and also a crucial that organizations can focus and solve this. Australia is the country of multicultural factors and it is considered as the politically safe country among the organizations. Further, in the business context people in the country use their capability to accomplish their work and objectives in the business cul ture. They are influenced western culture to enhance their capability to get success in their business operations. Further, the political situation of the country allows people to live with the freedom. Looking at the social and economic aspects of the country, people have their own personal welfare. It is also observed that people in the country are not self-promotional. They communicate directly at any point in the discussions and debates. In the business culture of Australia, people are dedicated towards their work which is helpful for the foreign companies to gain profit in Australian market. Based on Hofstede model, it is analyzed that there is the culture of openness which would be beneficial for the organizations that are going to enter in the Australian business culture. At last, it can be said that the Australian culture is individualism and Australians do not form groups while operating the business. They only form the groups while focusing on the welfare of the society. It is observed that there are various cultural traits in Australia which make the country attractive for doing busine ss. The existing cultural aspects attract various foreign direct investments to expand their business in the country. References Akanni, M. and Ahammad, M. (2015). National Cultural Distance and International Acquisition Performance. JOEBM. 3(2). pp.183-187. Alkailani, M., Azzam, I. and Athamneh, A. (2012). Replicating Hofstede in Jordan: Ungeneralized, Reevaluating the Jordanian Culture. IBR, 5(4). Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2(1). Kragh, S. (2012). The anthropology of nepotism: Social distance and reciprocity in organizations in developing countries: International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. 12(2). pp.247-265. Leahy, M., Dellal, H., Cahill, D., (2004). Religion, and Safeguarding Australia. Retrieved on 31st October 2017 from https://amf.net.au/library/uploads/files/Religion_Cultural_Diversity_Main_Report.pdf Parente, R., Baack, D. and Hahn, E. (2011). The effect of supply chain integration, modular production, and cultural distance on new product development: A dynamic capabilities approach: Journal of International Management. 17(4). pp.278-290. Singh, V., Joshi, P. and Mandhan, S. (2014). Concept Integration using Edit Distance and N-Gram Match. IJDMS. 6(6). pp.01-11 Tang, L. (2012). The direction of cultural distance on FDI: attractiveness or incongruity?. Cross Cultural Management.19(2). pp.233-256. Vidal-Suarez, M. and Lopez-Duarte, C. (2013). Language distance and international acquisitions: A transaction cost approach: International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. 13(1). pp.47-63. Yildiz, H. (2014). Not All Differences Are the Same: Dual Roles of Status and Cultural Distance in Socio-cultural Integration in Cross-border MAs: Journal of International Management. 20(1). pp.25-37.